Miscellaneous topics in Conway's Game of Life -- unfinished projects of all kinds and conditions

16 June 2018

Fixed Cost Glider Construction, Part II

Design Summary for Fixed-Cost Glider Construction

The previous post summarized the new 329-glider reverse caber tosser universal constructor design, but didn't go into detail about what exactly makes the design universal. Here are (most of) the fiddly details, some of which are already out of date now that a universal construction method has been found with as few as 15 gliders. See this conwaylife.com forum posting for a sample RCT pattern with 17 gliders (a shillelagh). Following posts describe how it's possible to do the same kind of universal construction with just 16 gliders.

The "reverse caber tosser" idea, with two gliders reflected back 180 degrees by a Cordership (or Corderpuffer, anyway) still remains intact -- and so does the three-glider PUSH/DFIRE salvo and the idea of using a block-laying switch engine as a source of elbow blocks. However, all of the PUSH/DFIRE salvos are now produced by glider-producing switch engines. These various switch engines are almost the only things that need to be constructed. In the 50-glider UC model, no stationary circuitry is needed at all. The 35-glider model needs a single block as a catalyst, to cleanly generate a return glider to retrieve the next bit from the approaching Corderpuffer.

The idea of a fixed-cost glider recipe for any possible glider-constructible object has gone through several iterations in the past few years. The first completed construction was a decoder that used a double sliding-block memory, and repeatedly divided the stored number by two or three, returning the remainder for each cycle. That information could then be used to run a construction arm. However, an explicit construction arm was never created for that design.

A newer "reverse caber tosser" design is an alternate storage mechanism for data feeding a universal constructor. The reverse caber tosser was designed by Adam P. Goucher, with Martin Grant finding the key glider-reflection reaction. A very large integer can be encoded in the position of a very faraway Cordership (instead of a block). If the distance to the Cordership is measured using circuitry designed to be as simple as possible, a complete decoder and universal constructor can be created by colliding exactly 329 gliders.

Normally a construction arm has at least four possible "elbow operations": PULL and PUSH to change the location of the elbow, and two different FIRE recipes to produce either of the two possible glider colors.

The first simplification for the reverse caber tosser is the use of only one color of output glider. This limits the output to monochromatic single-parity slow salvos (see below) but significantly simplifies the circuitry.

Usually FIRE operations also leave an elbow behind for the next elbow operation to make use of. The second simplification in the decoder design is to use up an elbow with every FIRE operation.

This makes construction recipes very much less efficient, because each new output glider needs a fresh elbow block to be pulled in from "elbow storage" (a line of blocks created by a block-laying switch engine) before the DFIRE (destructive fire) operation can be sent. As the number of output gliders increases, the pull distance increases proportionally, making the recipe progressively less efficient.

However, once again in this case, using up elbows makes the decoder mechanism significantly simpler, and that's the only kind of efficiency that matters from the point of view of reducing the total cost of the construction. The PULL and DFIRE combined salvo needs only three synchronized gliders. It appears that including an elbow-preserving FIRE option would require four gliders or more, with a correspondingly larger amount of circuitry that would then have to be constructed by the initial glider recipe.

Summary of required parts and mechanisms

  • The glider recipe builds the decoder/constructor plus a very faraway Cordership.
  • The recipe also builds a block-laying switch engine as a source of elbow blocks for the constructor arm.
  • Two gliders are sent toward the Cordership.
  • When they reach the Cordership, they are reflected 180 degrees and head back toward the decoder.
  • The two return gliders may reach the decoder at two possible timings (mod 256). Let's call these two timings "PULL" and "DFIRE".
  • Changing the position of the Cordership allows a free choice of "PULL" or "DFIRE" timings, for each of N sets of return gliders.
  • Adding another bit to the data stored in the Cordership's position requires increasing the Cordership's distance from the decoder by roughly a factor of two.
  • The return gliders always interrupt a suppressing glider stream, allowing a construction-arm shotgun to send a two-glider salvo southeast to the block-laying switch engine.
  • The two-glider salvo is the same one used in many previous construction arms including the Gemini spaceship.
  • When the salvo strikes a block -- an "elbow" of the construction arm -- the block moves forward by one diagonal.
  • If the gliders have the "DFIRE" timing, a third glider is also released, which destroys the elbow block but releases a sideways glider.
  • Because the block is used up, this is a "destructive FIRE" elbow operation, instead of the more normal "FIRE" which preserves the elbow.
  • "PULL" and "DFIRE" operations, when combined with an unlimited supply of elbow blocks, allow a series of same-color gliders to be released successively on any set of chosen lanes.
  • The gliders will all have the same phase, so this is a "monochromatic single-parity slow salvo".
  • It has been shown that monochromatic monoparity slow salvos are capable of constructing any pattern that can be constructed by colliding gliders together.

More recent fixed-cost construction designs include the proposal that the Cordership should be replaced with a c/12 puffer that is cheaper to synthesize -- 7 gliders instead of 9. This leaves a much larger mess to clean up, but it's still doable... and reducing the initial cost is the only thing that matters for this particular project.

The Cordership, or puffer, eventually generates its last bit and comes to a crashing halt. In the sample pattern shown in the previous post, the block that the Cordership/puffer crashes into is generated by two loafers, to make it clear that this block is a placeholder, not an official part of the initial glider construction! In the actual construction process, that block would be built by the construction arm, according to PULL and DFIRE instructions coming from the Cordership/puffer.

The construction arm also has to build a number of other "maintenance mechanisms":

  • a large structure made up of one-time glider splitters and glider turners, with four parts:
    1. a one-time circuit producing two gliders that stop the receding block-laying switch engine without releasing any gliders
    2. a one-time circuit producing a slow salvo of many gliders aimed at the ash from the stopped switch engine, rebuilding it into a clean one-time-use specialized Cordership eater
    3. a one-time circuit producing a specialized Cordership able to remove unused blocks from the block-laying switch engine's ash trail
    4. a one-time circuit producing a "meteor shower" slow salvo that completely cleans up the entire decoder/constructor mechanism.
  • a secondary "slow elbow" block at a safe distance from the construction arm (generated by colliding a series of monochromatic gliders into some of the block-laying switch engine's leftover ash).
  • a "hand block" to provide the construction arm with a usable target for incremental constructions

All of the above are necessary only if the pattern must be built with the absolute minimum of 329 gliders. If a larger number of gliders is allowed, on the rough order of 1000, then all this cleanup can be accomplished by adding gliders to the initial recipe instead. The resulting complete pattern would be many orders of magnitude smaller, though still very large. It might include several hundred more gliders in the initial recipe, but would be considerably more efficient at completing constructions.

For example, a more expensive Cordership-based block puffer could be constructed, and then could be shot down with gliders after it has produced exactly the right number of blocks. This would completely avoid any need to build the complex structures outlined in #1 through #3 above.

Similarly, building the "slow elbow" block as part of the construction recipe would cost only one or two gliders more than the minimum, but would reduce the size of the final pattern by a hundred or more orders of magnitude. That's not just a reduction by a factor of a hundred -- it's a factor of a googol, 10^100, and that's just a bare-minimum estimate. An even larger size reduction would result from adding two gliders to build the block that stops the incoming Cordership (the one built by loafers in the sample pattern).

When the constructor is in operation, it builds a series of one-time turners. The recipes are all monochromatic slow salvos. The purpose of the one-time turners is to to aim gliders at the hand block. These one-time turners fall into one of four categories, since they may change the parity and/or the color of the output glider relative to the input glider. This allows the "slow elbow" to convert a monochromatic single-parity slow salvo into a standard "P2 slow" salvo where the gliders may be either parity and either color.

13 June 2018

The Answer to Life's Ultimate Question is 42 -- But the Cost of Life Construction is Capped at 329...59...58...50...44... 43... 35...32...17...16...15

Code: Select all
#C universal constructor based on reverse caber tosser
#C Completed 10 June 2018
#C Original design by Adam P. Goucher
#C Original glider synthesis by Goldtiger997
x = 5379, y = 5173, rule = B3/S23
bo$2bo361bo$3o360bo$363b3o16$36bo$34bobo$35b2o$355bo$354bo$354b3o14$
29bo$30bo$28b3o2$335bo$335bobo$335b2o37$92bobo$93b2o$93bo2$356bo$72bo
283bobo$73b2o281b2o$72b2o2$337bo$336bo$336b3o891$1177bo$1178b2o$1177b
2o197$2925bo3b2o2bo$2925b2o3bo2bo$2926bo3bobo$2925bo5bo2$2926b2o$2925b
o2bo$2925bobo$2926bo65$1275bo$1276bo$1274b3o6$1265bo$1266b2o$1265b2o
15$1278bo$1279b2o$1278b2o$1291bo$1289bobo$1290b2o6$1287bobo$1277bobo8b
2o$1278b2o8bo$1278bo295$4459bo$4458bo$4458b3o$1848bo$1849bo$1847b3o14b
o$1865b2o$1864b2o$1717bo$1718b2o$1717b2o2$1865bobo2600bobo$1866b2o
2600b2o$1725bo140bo2602bo$1726bo$1724b3o11$1732bobo$1733b2o$1733bo13$
1749bo$1750b2o$1749b2o2$1761bobo$1762b2o$1762bo16$1765bobo$1766b2o$
1766bo4$1774bo$1772bobo$1773b2o23$1854bo$1855bo$1853b3o6$1794bo$1795b
2o$1794b2o32$1838bo$1839bo$1837b3o2$1851bo$1849bobo$1850b2o138$4513bob
o$4513b2o$4514bo4$4506bo$4506bobo$4506b2o38$1876bo2193bo$1874bobo2192b
o$1875b2o2192b3o412bo$4482b2o$4483b2o4$4063bobo$4063b2o$4064bo$2237bo$
2235bobo16bo$2236b2o17bo$2246bo6b3o$2247bo$2238bo6b3o$2239bo$2237b3o
23$4444bobo$4444b2o$4435bobo7bo$4435b2o$1822bo2613bo$1820bobo$1821b2o
2626bobo$4449b2o$4450bo13$1843bo$1844b2o$1843b2o466bo$2312b2o$2311b2o
4$1828bobo$1829b2o$1829bo$4095bo$4093b2o$4088bobo3b2o$4088b2o$1838bo
2250bo$1839b2o$1838b2o473bobo$2314b2o$2314bo2$4090bobo$4090b2o$4091bo
3$2222bo97bo$2223bo97bo$2221b3o95b3o$4092bobo$2234bobo1855b2o$2235b2o
1856bo$2235bo4$4069bo$4069bobo$4069b2o$2246bo$2247b2o$2246b2o2$4073bob
o$4073b2o$4074bo$4052bo$4050b2o$4051b2o5$4070bo13bo$2265bo1804bobo10bo
$2266b2o1802b2o11b3o$2265b2o6$2267bobo$2268b2o$2268bo4$2276bo$2266bo
10bo$2267bo7b3o$2265b3o55$2202bo$2203b2o$2202b2o$2215bo$2213bobo$2214b
2o6$2211bobo$2201bobo8b2o$2202b2o8bo$2202bo36$4205bo$4205bobo$4205b2o
4$4210bo$4209bo$4209b3o38$4154bobo$4154b2o$4155bo$4162bo$4162bobo$
4162b2o2$4153bo$4151b2o$2105bo2046b2o$2106bo$2104b3o11$4137bo$4137bobo
$4137b2o3$2103bobo$2104b2o$2104bo2040bo$4145bobo$4145b2o12$4122bo$
4121bo$4121b3o2$4117bo$4116bo$4116b3o$2123bobo$2124b2o$2124bo2001bo$
4126bobo$4126b2o16$2386bobo$2387b2o$2387bo13$3880bo$3879bo$3879b3o6$
3873bobo$3873b2o$3874bo$2493bo$2491bobo$2335bo156b2o$2336bo$2334b3o$
3861bo$2339bo1521bobo$2337bobo1521b2o$2338b2o$2484bo$2485b2o$2484b2o$
2355bo$2356bo$2354b3o14bo16bobo$2372b2o15b2o1441bo$2371b2o16bo1441bo$
3831b3o$2374bobo1467bo$2375b2o1467bobo$2375bo30bo1437b2o$2407b2o$2401b
o4b2o$2402bo$2400b3o18bo$2364bo57b2o$2365b2o54b2o$2364b2o2$3832bo$
3832bobo$3832b2o3$2311bo96bobo1455bo5bo$2312bo96b2o1454bo4b2o$2310b3o
96bo1455b3o3b2o2$2413bo$2326bobo85bo$2327b2o83b3o$2327bo3$2336bo$2337b
2o$2336b2o$2412bo1443bobo$2410bobo1443b2o$2411b2o1444bo4$2409bo$2407bo
bo$2408b2o5$2414bo$2415b2o$2414b2o$3887bo$3886bo$3869bo16b3o$3869bobo$
3869b2o7bo$3876b2o$3877b2o7bo$3884b2o$3885b2o62$3795bo$3793b2o$3794b2o
3$3798bobo$3798b2o$3799bo2$2145bo$2146bo$2144b3o4$3794bo$3794bobo$
3794b2o2$3789bo$3789bobo$2153bo1635b2o$2154b2o$2153b2o1644bo$3798bo$
3798b3o83$2750bo$2751bo$2742bo6b3o$2743bo$2734bo6b3o$2735bo$2733b3o35$
4006bo$4004b2o$4005b2o6$4008bo$4006b2o$4007b2o11$2572bo$2573bo$2571b3o
2$2577bo2216bo$2578bo2214bo$2576b3o2214b3o$3995bobo$2573bo1421b2o$
2568bo5b2o1420bo$2566bobo4b2o$2567b2o$3988bo$3987bo$3987b3o25$2856bobo
$2857b2o$2857bo2$2852bo$2853b2o$2852b2o3$3693bo$3693bobo$3693b2o3$
2857bo$2858bo$2856b3o2$2862bo$2863bo$2861b3o$3684bobo$3684b2o$2853bo
831bo$2851bobo$2852b2o128$3522bo$3521bo$3521b3o4$2581bo$2582bo$2580b3o
$2556bo$2557bo$2555b3o4$2580bo1181bobo$2559bo18bobo1181b2o$2557bobo19b
2o1182bo$2558b2o$2569bobo$2570b2o$2570bo212bobo$2784b2o$2784bo2$2779bo
$2780b2o$2779b2o3$4144bo$4144bobo$4144b2o11$2591bo$2589bobo$2590b2o5$
2601bo$2602b2o1187bo4bobo$2601b2o1188bobo2b2o$3791b2o4bo44$3441bo$
3441bobo$2629bo811b2o$2630b2o$2629b2o104$2797bo$2798bo$2796b3o4$2796bo
bo$2797b2o809bobo$2797bo810b2o8bo$3609bo6b2o$3617b2o21$3571bo$2759bo
811bobo$2760bo810b2o$2758b3o25$2767bo$2768bo$2766b3o41$3056bo$3054bobo
$3055b2o2$3061bo$3059bobo$3060b2o803bo$3863b2o$3051bo812b2o$3052bo$
3050b3o68$3774bo17bo$3772b2o17bo$3773b2o16b3o3$3781bobo12bo$3781b2o13b
obo$3782bo13b2o3$3777bobo$3777b2o$3778bo174$2677b2o$2676bobo$2678bo
813bo$3491b2o$3491bobo66$2747b2o$2748b2o$2747bo4$2737b3o$2739bo$2738bo
40$3692bo$3678b2o11b2o$3677b2o12bobo$3679bo266$2251b2o$2252b2o$2251bo
146b2o$2399b2o$2398bo2$2241b3o$2243bo135b3o12b2o$2227b2o13bo138bo13b2o
$2226bobo151bo13bo$2228bo$2384b2o17bo$2383bobo17b2o$2385bo16bobo$2227b
2o$2226bobo323b2o$2228bo194b3o127b2o1345bo$2425bo126bo1346b2o$2424bo
1474bobo2$4097b2o$2545b2o1550bobo$2544bobo21bo1528bo$2546bo21b2o$2567b
obo1322bo$3891b2o$2369b2o1520bobo211bo$2368bobo1733b2o$2370bo1733bobo
12$2372bo$2372b2o$2371bobo5$2343bo$2343b2o14bo$2342bobo14b2o5b3o$2358b
obo7bo$2367bo4$2344b2o$2343bobo$2345bo$3857b2o189b3o$3857bobo188bo$
3857bo191bo$3608b3o$2284bo511b2o810bo$2284b2o509bobo811bo$2283bobo511b
o$4076b3o$4076bo$2293b2o1782bo$2294b2o$2293bo2$2288b2o$2289b2o1562b2o$
2288bo1563b2o$3854bo$3857bo$3856b2o228bo$3856bobo13bo212b2o$3871b2o
212bobo$2271b2o1598bobo$2260b3o9b2o$2262bo8bo12b2o$2261bo21bobo$2285bo
1595b2o$3880b2o$2750b2o1130bo$2288b3o460b2o6bo1135b3o$2290bo459bo8b2o
810bo323bo$2289bo468bobo809b2o324bo$3570bobo$4082bo$4081b2o$4081bobo$
2272b3o1295b3o$2274bo1295bo$2273bo1297bo2$2262b2o$2263b2o$2262bo60bo$
2270b2o51b2o$2269bobo50bobo6bo$2271bo59b2o$2330bobo$2338b3o$2340bo$
2339bo$2319b3o$2321bo$2320bo$2769bo1072b2o$2769b2o1070b2o$2768bobo
1072bo5$3848b2o$3848bobo$3848bo28$2207b3o$2209bo$2208bo4$2212b2o$2211b
obo$2213bo3$3858bo$3857b2o$3857bobo85$2573bo4b2o$2573b2o2bobo1184b2o$
2572bobo4bo1183b2o$3765bo6$2952b3o$2954bo$2953bo4$3775b2o$3775bobo$
3775bo5$2953b2o$2952bobo$2954bo832b2o$3786b2o214b2o$3788bo213bobo$
4002bo3$2587b3o$2589bo1416bo$2588bo1416b2o$4005bobo2$4015b2o$4014b2o$
4016bo$4012bo$4011b2o$2603bo1186b2o219bobo$2603b2o1185bobo$2602bobo
1185bo7$3788b3o$3788bo$3789bo40$2146b2o12bo$2147b2o11b2o$2146bo12bobo
73$4216bo$4206bo8b2o$4205b2o8bobo$4205bobo6$4203b2o$4203bobo$4203bo$
4215b2o$4214b2o$4216bo4$4143bo$4142b2o$4142bobo35$1848b2o$1847bobo$
1849bo15$4151b2o$4141b2o7b2o$4140b2o10bo$4142bo2$4132bo$1849b2o2280b2o
$1850b2o2279bobo$1849bo2$2109b3o18b2o$2111bo19b2o$2110bo19bo4$4156b3o$
4156bo$4157bo3$2105b3o$1760bo346bo$1760b2o344bo2052b2o$1759bobo2397bob
o$4159bo21$1728bo$1728b2o46b2o$1727bobo47b2o$1776bo5$1737b2o$1736bobo$
1738bo2660b2o$4398b2o$4400bo10$1791b2o$1790bobo$1792bo4$1784bo$1784b2o
$1783bobo156$4503b2o$4502b2o$4504bo7$1912b2o$1913b2o$1912bo40$1863b3o$
1865bo$1864bo$4428b2o$1864bo2562b2o$1864b2o2563bo$1863bobo2$1855b3o$
1857bo2571b2o$1856bo2572bobo$4418b3o8bo$4418bo$4419bo38$4460b2o$4440b
2o18bobo$4440bobo17bo$4440bo3$4453bo$4452b2o$4452bobo14$1824b2o$1823bo
bo$1825bo2621bo$4446b2o$4446bobo3$1832bo$1832b2o$1831bobo2$1825b2o$
1824bobo$1826bo2609bo$4435b2o24b3o$4435bobo23bo$4462bo2$1843b2o$1842bo
bo$1844bo4$1836b2o$1835bobo$1837bo$1825b3o$1827bo$1826bo$4428b3o$4428b
o$4429bo5$1840b3o$1842bo$1841bo$4443b3o$4443bo$4444bo25$2711b2o218b3o$
2712b2o217b3o$2711bo218bo2$2933b2o1833b2o$2926b3o3bo1835bobo$2925bob2o
4b2o1833bo$2925bo6bo$2926bobobo$1903b2o$1904b2o$1903bo2$4362b2o$4362bo
bo$4362bo5$1940b2o$1939bobo$1941bo7$1935b2o$1934bobo$1936bo$1920b2o$
1921b2o$1920bo2489b2o$4409b2o$4411bo385bo$4796b2o$4796bobo6$1917b3o$
1919bo$1911b2o5bo$1910bobo$1912bo$4403bo$4402b2o$4402bobo6$4408b3o125b
2o$4408bo127bobo$4409bo126bo47$2641b2o$2640bobo$2642bo29$1359b3o$1361b
o$1360bo11$4614b2o$4614bobo$4614bo49$1295b3o$1297bo$1296bo3$1270b2o$
1271b2o$1270bo$1283b3o$1285bo$1284bo4$1288b2o$1287bobo$1289bo$1262b2o$
1261bobo$1263bo4$1255bo$1255b2o$1254bobo289$5377b2o$5376b2o$5378bo!
#C [[ WIDTH 592 HEIGHT 500 X 5 Y -60 PAUSE 2 AUTOSTART ]]
#C [[ T 800 STEP 5 ]]
#C [[ T 2500 GPS 60 X 410 Y 456 Z 2 ]]
#C [[ T 2600 STEP 4 ]]
#C [[ T 2700 STEP 3 ]]
#C [[ T 2800 STEP 2 ]]
#C [[ T 2900 STEP 1 ]]
#C [[ T 3000 STEP 2 ]]
#C [[ T 3100 STEP 3 ]]
#C [[ T 3200 STEP 4 ]]
#C [[ T 3300 STEP 5 ]]
#C [[ T 7850 GPS 60 STEP 50 X 555 Y 628 Z -1.5 ]]
#C [[ T 28000 X 225 Y 300 Z -4 ]]
#C [[ PAUSE 5 LOOP 28050 ]]
There has been speculation for at least a couple of years** about the simplest possible form of universal constructor, where an arbitrarily complex construction recipe is encoded in the position of a single faraway object. The position of the object is measured by the simplest possible decoder mechanism, resulting in a series of bits that can then be interpreted to produce a slow salvo.
It has already been shown that slow salvos can construct any pattern that is constructible by gliders. So with the correct placement of the faraway object, the complete pattern is capable of building any possible glider-constructible pattern of any size. The same pattern is also capable of building a self-destruct mechanism that completely removes all trace of the universal constructor, after its work is done -- leaving only the constructed pattern and nothing else. A counterintuitive consequence is that any glider-constructible object, no matter what size, can be built with a specific fixed number of gliders.
And now the actual number has been calculated, and it's surprisingly small. The initial upper limit was 329 gliders, based on the pattern shown above. This has since been reduced several times, as indicated by the series of numbers in this article's title.
See the follow-up article for a full summary of the tasks that the universal constructor has to accomplish to be enable the 329-glider recipe to to construct any arbitrary pattern. The plans for the 58-, 43-, and 35-glider recipes are similar, but greatly simplified by the fact that the streams of gliders can all be generated by faraway glider-producing switch engines instead of local glider guns and reflectors. With the 58-glider recipe, no stationary circuitry is needed at all; a single block is needed as a catalyst in the 43- and 35-glider recipes.
** It seems likely that someone came up with this idea long before 2015 -- i.e., the inevitability of a fixed-cost construction with N gliders, for any possible glider-constructible object. Really it's more or less implied by the sliding-block memory units described in Winning Ways. But I don't know of anywhere that the fixed upper-limit cost of construction was mentioned explicitly. It would be interesting to see what early estimates of that upper limit might have been... it seems likely they were significantly higher than three digits, let alone two!
UPDATE 19 September 2020 and 11 November 2022: Design improvements by MathAndCode, Adam P. Goucher, and danielle make possible a reduced reverse caber tosser design requiring only 16 gliders, a 50% reduction from the previous fixed cost of 32 gliders.
UPDATE 15 September 2022: The fixed cost has now been reduced to 15 gliders.